boy killed by crocodile at miami serpentarium

I was fascinated watching them put Mr Haast's feeding tube down and feed the snake. It was 2006 and he was still extolling the virtues of venom, saying he injected himself weekly with a cocktail from five snakes cobras, cottonmouths, kraits, mambas and rattlers homeopathy the Food and Drug Administration would never endorse. Anyone can read what you share. In April 2010, a 25-year-old woman from New Jersey was killed by a . We used to hunt non-poisonous snakes in the Glades, Homestead farmlands: king snakes, red ratsnakes, yellow ratsnakes, indigos, black racers, etc., and take them down to mr Haas and he had a yardstick on the table and would measure them by the foot, pay us maybe .25cents/foot for the ratsnake, .35/foot for the kingsnakes, etc. I hope you live to 100 to prove snake venon is an anti aging wonder. Haast died June 15, 2011 at age 100. Small world. Cookie broke free and took the boy underwater. My uncle introduced me to the Florida Eastern Diamondback that grew up to 6 feet in length. I'd fainted at the realization of a whole baby pig inside that snake! The boy was swimming in a river with a friend on Thursday when the incident occurred. As soon as it was handed back to an embarassed little girl, one of the boys said, "Now you have to look and see if it punched your bus ticket!" The giant concrete-and-stucco cobra was donated to South Miami Senior High but fell apart during its move to the school. Haast eventually returned home, where his mother had leased a concession stand at a lakeside resort. boy killed by crocodile at miami serpentarium. 1, my mother carrying a large snake onboard an airplane, and no. This subspecies, restricted to the Florida Keys, obviously was named for Bill Haast. "He was into it for the science on how snake venom affected the body," said the grand-niece who worked at The Serpentarium as a teen in the 1980s. It is unknown whether the signs mentioned anything about alligators crawling in the waters. An estimated 1,000 people every year are killed in crocodile attacks, many more than by sharks. . On November 3, a man was dragged underwater by a crocodile while swimming in the Kali River, in India's Uttara Kannada district, Newsroom Odisha reported. His contribution to antivenin science is unparalleled and earned him recognition throughout his life. Green mambas. It was an incredible place. In the first chapter a bunch of young boys are headed to a swimming hole; one boy races ahead and dives in. I am now 42 years with a very youthful appearance and in excellent health! It was a close call, one that underscored the county's need for an antivenin bank, Cruz said. People were always getting bitten, but they are so small that they rarely killed anyone. Sincerely, an understanding and appreciative person! Five alligators have already been caught in the lagoon and euthanised for analysis. His wife Nancy and I had been pleasantly talking an she was so fearful that she held my arm and squeezed hard, all the while telling me that a bite from that king cobra would likely kill Bill , because up to that point he had been bitten some 23 times , but never by a king cobra one drop of which can kill 5 men. He said at that time if he lived to be 100 it would possibly prove that snake venom is anti aging. A crew of more than 50 people, including experienced alligator trappers and sheriffs department divers using sonar equipment, helicopters and boats searched the network of man-made canals, ponds and lakes to recover the boys body. Tatiana Daz, regional director of the Limn Red Cross, has tried to explain the attack. The Serpenlarium, widely known as a research fadlity as well as a zoo for snakes and reptiles, remained closed indefinitely while Mr. Haast and his Wife discussed what additional safety precautions to take. Not to mention, people do not operate properly during tragic events. Res ''From the first day I walked into the Miami Serpentarium, I knew that was for me,'' he said. Demings said there had been no other recent reports of similar alligator attacks on the lake. And we often talked of many things when she came in to South Dixie Amoco to have the well-maintained car serviced. Disney spokeswoman Jacquee Wahaler said everyone at the resort was devastated by what happened and Disney was helping the family. I saw the "catch and milk" demos and was fascinated. Thanks for jogging my memory. Thanks for putting it up! [9] In an August 2008 Florida Trend interview, he stated, "Aging is hard. Bill Jr. eventually left, having lost interest in snakes, but not before he had been bitten four times by venomous snakes. Get the latest updates in news, food, music and culture, and receive special offers direct to your inbox. I am transferring my old pictures to new albums and came across our photos at The Serpentarium in 1973 when we were there with our family while on vacatin. And I still do as if it happened yesterday. It was intuitive. People were lining up for a show. By then Cookie, the 12-foot, 2,000-pound crocodile, had the boy in its mouth. I also remember hearing a story about him saving the lives of GI`s in Vietnam who had jumped from a helicopter into some poisonous snakes. I will ask him to sign a copy and send it to you and your brother." 76. The incident comes after a four-year-old boy fell into the gorilla enclosure at Cincinnati Zoo last month. My Grandfather was a construction worker and used to drop me off there every day over the summer, and weekends when he would work. This is a digitized version of an article from The Timess print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. When I was young I was always interested in snakes. I believe that it was one of the great thrills of my life. "One hypothesis is that the animal took the child to the burrow or cave, and there are burrows and caves, but we don't know which one of them it is. One day I noticed his handshis fingersthey were deformend, mangled, sort of like a something from an old horror moviea result--one of many, of having been bitten by so many venomous snakesI think his own blood was an anti-venom, as a result of being bitten so much, I think he used to distribute this "antivenom (his blood)worldwide to snakebite vicims. His body will now be turned over to Orange County officers for an autopsy. We lived in Southern California. They paid my mother something like $10 or more for the snake. The Serpentarium was a magical place and Mr. Haast was a very interesting fellow. It remains in my library to this day. He was known as the "go-to guy" for snakebites. I grew up living close to the Haast's in the 60's. Except for the grey hair and receding hairline I would have said 'hasn't changed a bit". We have tried to cover and visualize some, we have implemented a hook with a strip to see if it pulls something, but to no avail. Thanks for the memories, as Bob Hope would say. A crocodile mauled and killed an 8-year-old boy near his home in Malaysia. I can't imagine more suitable place than South Florida for Bill Haas's Serpentarium. flashbackmiami.com/2013/11/26/serpentarium-2/, Mozilla/5.0 (iPad; CPU OS 15_5 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/605.1.15 (KHTML, like Gecko) GSA/219.0.457350353 Mobile/15E148 Safari/604.1. Mr. Haast fished it out with a long pole after the big croc took a bite of it. I would vacation with my parents in Florida in the summer months. This time it came out! Set in the American South in the 20th century. I witnessed one such snake in 1985 on a dirt road in northeast Florida. THIS SOFT SPOKEN WOMAN TURNED TO HER FAMILY AND SAID "I'VE COME ALL THE WAY TO MIAMI TO HAVE SOME SNAKE S__T ON ME". According to the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, population growth and increasing participation in water-related activities are resulting in more frequent alligator-human interactions. Join half a million readers enjoying Newsweek's free newsletters. It was a very low wall. I have Ophidiophobia (not herpetophobia the fear of reptiles) a true fear of snakes. One day, a six-year-old boy fell into the crocodile pit at Miami Serpentarium and was killed by "Cookie", a 12-ft-long crocodile that had been living in the pit for 20 years without incident. Does anybody on this herpetology board know either the author or title of a novel, published roughly 20 years ago. The seller's address: Eureka, Fla. Haast knew he had to head south, to a warmer climate favored by snakes. For years, Haast tried to prove that venom could treat multiple sclerosis, lupus, arthritis and Parkinson's disease. I'll never forget this experience. The last time I saw him he told me never to get bit again and offered me a job. the coolest thing i remember is the sighn bill had on the stage while he was milking his terrorfying snakes "there is nothing more exciting then watching danger from a safe distance". At the UM, Haast led in the testing of the serum on monkeys. I lived across South Dixie Highway from the Miami Serpentarium. C.C. It took a group of people to get . It took the 1,800pound reptile an hour to die. There he met and eloped with his first wife, Ann. Is it the venom? In 1965, Cobras in his Garden, a book about Haast's exploits, was published. I was 16 yrs.old and going outside at night with no shoes on and stepped on the snake in the dark. The victim, identified as Stambuli Bamusi, along with his friends, had gone . brightcove.createExperiences (); The toddler who was snatched by an alligator at a Disney resort in Orlando, Florida, on Tuesday, died as a result of . By 1984, interest in such roadside attractions like the Serpentarium had waned. Cloud, a venom business where the public can pay to watch workers extract venom from snakes. But I still think he should not have shot that alligator. Haast still grows somber when retelling the story: It was a Sunday. Haast finally sold the 5.2-acre lot, now in Pinecrest, for $3.2 million and headed to Utah for more snake research. Two-year-old Lane Thomas Graves had been playing in . I'm sorry I can never take my grandchildren there. "When he closed his doors there was a lapse and there were some fatalities related to exotic snake bites," said Chuck Seigert, of the Miami unit. I was a child in Florida in the 60's and I saw many, many of Dr. Hasst's shows and remember being concerned the snakes might get away and come towards me of course they never did.. His unique contribution to medicine earned him widespread recognition. My mother took my brother and I to the serpentarium in 1977. The injections are a routine he began in 1948 -- the year he opened the Serpentarium -- and continued after he closed it in 1984. For the first five years Bill, Clarita, and his son were the only staff. Haast still grows somber when retelling the story: It was a Sunday. Glad to see many others share great memories of the Serpentarium. The man who mesmerized generations of paying customers from 1947 to 1984 by extracting venom at his Miami Serpentarium as a spine-tingling South Florida attraction is dead. However, the venom eventually did affect him, and he was taken to a hospital where it took him several days to recover. Bill and Nanvy were the guest attraction and Bill has with them a 12' hamadrayad, (King Cobra) which was un a 4x4x8 gkass fronted cage identical to that in which the sidewinders were displayed. Part scientist, part entertainer, Haast spent his early years in Miami as a mechanic for Pan Am, while he built the snake farm he called The Serpentarium along a portion of U.S. 1 that is today called Pinecrest. That was in 1971 and I kept that car until 3 years ago when I sold it for 35000.00 in pieces. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. As far as I recall, the Cobra on the roof was the one from the Serpentarium. CAKEGATE 2023: Bad Bunny's Restaurant Accused of Gobbling Birthday Girl's Cake, Death Train: A Timeline of Brightline Fatalities in South Florida UPDATED, Neighborhood Nazi Jon Minadeo Peddles Hate by the Minute, Sen. Rubio's Permanent Daylight Savings Bill Sees Light of Day Once More, NFL Legend Ray Lewis Joins World Jai-Alai League Board of Directors, Affordable New "Micro-Units" Slated for Little River, Edgewater. Thanks Bill for the show and GOD bless. It was buried on the grounds. joe pylandgrew up at sunniland park two blocks from the serpentarium.Remember it well..Billy..the grandson ran over my arm in 1962 with his bike..breaking it and I missed the 1st 6 weeks of Khoury League.Remember Haast tamping alsoThis man was incredidle and brave. Haast's mental trauma over the boy's death eventually led to the closure of the Serpentarium on South Dixie Highway. A massive crocodile attacked and ate an 8-year-old girl while she was bathing in the river with friends. He landed a job with Miami-based Pan American Airways. "I know a lot of people in Miami still remember the Serpentarium and wonder what became of me," he said, "that's why I'm talking to you.". Police spokesperson Rohan Shah Ahmad said: "There were severe injuries on the boy's body including his waist, chest and stomach." 13 Others joined Haast. "[7], Haast turned 100 in December 2010[10] and died on June 15, 2011.[1]. We entered the Serpentarium and a fellow (Haas) walked out of the back office to greet the tourists and said" he's dead" referring to John F. Kennedy, President of the USA. If you are the site owner (or you manage this site), please whitelist your IP or if you think this block is an error please open a support ticket and make sure to include the block details (displayed in the box below), so we can assist you in troubleshooting the issue. Bill's dedication to helping science, medicine, and snakebite victims was always unwavering. Haast retained custody of their son, Bill Jr. and continued to work as a mechanic for Pan Am while he built the Serpentarium. During its heyday, it attracted about 50,000 Florida visitors a year. I still have his autograph and some great snapshots of that meet & greet. Make a one-time donation today for as little as $1. My parents stayed at the motel pool, while I was the first one thru the door at the Serpentarium that day. A krait anti-venom was shipped from India, but when it arrived after a 48-hour flight, he refused to accept it. TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. Many times Haast donated his blood to be used in treating snake-bite victims when a suitable anti-venom was not available. The emergency services unit celebrated its 10th year recently at the Metro Zoo in Miami. While the rest of the crew was out having fun in the exotic locales, he bought exotic snakes. In his case, he claims the venom has helped him live a long and healthy life -- with the exception of his snakebitten hands. Early in Haast's career, he slogged the wilds of the Everglades collecting cottonmouths and rattlers. On Thursday, members of the rescue unit came to shake Haast's hand. It taught me an important life lessons about fearto just face fears because most of the time our anxiety really isn't worth it. Unless otherwise noted under the right bottom of the photo, all images are copyrighted by Don Boyd, Bill Haast and the Miami Serpentarium - recent news articles, SW 128th Street and South Dixie Highway, Dade County, Memories of Old Hialeah, Old Miami and Old South Florida Photo Galleries - largest non-Facebook collection on the internet, Miami Area Tourist and Local ATTRACTIONS Historical Photos Gallery - All Years - click on image to view. At 19, he got a job with a roadside snake attraction. Worst time of my life!!! My father used to deliver popcorn to the Miami Serpentarium in the late 60's early 70's and I used to love to watch Mr. Haast handle the King Cobras. Nya used to take us after hours to the Serpentariumm to watch her Dad and his workers feed the animals. He received his first cobra bite less than a year after he started his immunization program. In 1964, a book was written about him. I was about 9 yrs old, and always remembered the story vividly. We considered him the Patron Saint of Junkies in those days. Finding this site reminds me what saints my parents were! and help keep the future of New Times, Use of this website constitutes acceptance of our, who would go on to become the face of Zoo Miami, Associated Press dispatch quoted a wildlife officer, Haast pumped nine shots from a Luger pistol, finally closing the tourist attraction in 1984. But there is no reason to visit Miami. Sometime later when I visited again, I bought Cobras In His Garden, and Dr. Haast, recovering from that or another bite on his hand, left a blood smudge on my book while signing it . We visited the Serpentarium and it was an amazing experience that I remember vividly to this day. In 1982 when I was twelve I moved from England to Hollywood, Fl with my family. As a kid, it was a thrill to see the man himself up close. I contacted him while the car was in shop and $2200.00 later it was mine. My uncle made a point to tell me to look up this site. In 2018, Indonesian villagers armed with knives, hammers and clubs slaughtered 292 crocodiles in revenge for the death of a man killed by a crocodile at a breeding farm, Reuters reported. I lived on Homestead AFB 1960-66 and as a kid visited the Serpentarium many times. But he felt he couldn't continue to feed the crocodile and display him under these conditions.. REMAINS of a fourteen-year-old boy have been pulled from inside a crocodile's belly after he was eaten alive. Name a deadly snake and Bill Haast has either tamed it or been bitten by it. Haast's passing reminded South Floridians of a certain age of the bygone era when entrepreneurs could set up quirky roadside attractions along Dixie Highway, US 1, to thrill both local school kids and wintering vacationers who fled the cold. I stood, many times, on the grass in the little circle just feet from the Cobra at milking time. Shaman Killed by Crocodile Horror Stories 812K subscribers Subscribe 27K Save 741K views 3 years ago Notice Age-restricted video (based on Community Guidelines) Almost yours: 2 weeks, on us. For inspiration and advice, he leaned on Haast. Now the spotlight is on three other deaths that are linked to the case. In the early 1970s, I was carrying out a survey to document the status of certain native reptiles and amphibians of a seven-county area iof siytgh Florida. I remember reading Bill Haast book Cobras in My Garden, one of the most interesting books I have ever read. Nice to see the photos again. I worked at the Serpentarium for roughly a year, about two years before it closed. My dad and I still talk about this over 40 years later! Miami is a hotbed for venomous snake bites because it is the entry point for almost any exotic snake, whether it is bound for a collector or a zoo in another state. His take on the matter was generally to the effect that the placement of this variant of the common black racer into a separate subspecies status seemed dubious. The boy's father and another man, Nicolas Caulineau, jumped into the pit and straddled the crocodile. Keep it up Mr. Haast. The animal was of no harm to anyone other than the fool who would allow his self to fall in. I was 11 in 1972 when my folks agreed to stop at the Serpentarium when our family of seven drove down from Massachusetts to Key West for February school vacation. The boy and his father, David Wasson, 42, were throwing grapes at the crocodile, hoping to see it move, when the boy slipped off a retaining wall on which he had been sitting and fell into the crocodile pit. It was in 1960, I was in my junior year at San fernando Valley State college at Northridge ,California. My girlfiends and I would catch 7 - 8 foot Indio snakes and we would beg my mother to drive us over to the Serpentarium so we could sell the snakes to Dr. Haas. Everyone sold them to the Serpentarium for $1.25/Ft, good money in those days. As a result of the damage, Haast gave up handling venomous snakes, and no longer kept any at his facility. Sheriff Demings confirmed there was a sign near the water warning people not to swim. It also had a pit with a 12-foot-long crocodile called "Cookie" that weighed, literally, a ton. I will enjoy looking over this site over time. We took 3-4 water snakes there that closely resembled the deadly Water Moccasin, only to be turned away penniless. She was quite a Mom. I'd rather go back in the ocean than back to the Serpentarium! He purchased his first exotic snake, a diamondback rattler, from a catalog. It was slithering across the road, which was about 11 feet across and the snakes head and tail were not clearly visible. I believe he gave them some of his blood with the anti-bodies and that saved their lives. As a young Canadian boy back in the 1960`s. Keepers were forced to shoot and kill the 17-year-old gorilla named Harambe. My Parents said we know Mr. Haast would you like to see his snake farm. I visited the Serpentarium in1969 as an 18-year-old on spring break with a buddy. He was a great neighborhhod Dad, and I will always remember the fun we had with he, his wife and his children. When I was in high school I worked at the Serpentarium and even helped out with the King Cobra Shows on the weekend. Police confirmed that human remains found in a saltwater crocodile caught nearby were those of the boy. But I remember leaning over the small wall to look closer at that croc when my feet slipped and I pitched forward towards the pit. Thank you for the bio of this incredible man. He has written a book called 'The World of Snakes. ' In North Carolina, a chemist offered this salute: "Resssssssst in Peace Bill Haast.". CANCUN -- A 12-year-old boy who was bitten by a crocodile at a Mexican resort spoke to "Good Morning America" on Wednesday in his first television interview. May he live far past the hundreds. Since the county revived the antivenin bank in 1998, it has saved 1,000 snake-bite victims, Seigert said. Ditto for Miami-Dade Fire Rescue Lt. Jeffrey Fobb, who frequented shows as a boy. I remember it sliding around my leg and shaking my leg till it feel off. His dream of creating a snake sanctuary grew nearer. The crocodile is suspected of eating a farmer who went missing in July in the town of Bunawan, and of killing a 12-year-old girl whose head was bitten off two years before. Donated several snakes over the years also, mostly coral snakes from Opa Locka area. On March 15, 2009, 11-year-old Briony Goodsell was killed by a crocodile when swimming with friends at Lambell's Lagoon near Humpty Doo in Northern Territory. All he did was yell ouch and that concludes the show for today. ", Twitter accolades came in from across the globe. Myles, Justin (Dec 2000/Jan 2001 Issue). AJ Jain, a guest at the hotel, told The Orlando Sentinel he and his family were playing at the beach just hours earlier. Tonight at Walt Disney's Grand Floridian Hotel crews search Seven Seas Lagoon for possible alligator attack victim pic.twitter.com/lVSOxivh05. "I could become a poster boy for the benefits of venom," Haast boasted. Its very surprising, its an extremely rare occurrence in anywhere you have alligators, but we do ask people to be mindful that we do have alligators in the water in Florida and you have to be careful, Mr Wiley said. Sheriff Demings said a recovery operation was under way to find the childs body in the lagoon and bring some closure to this family. After a 15-hour search, the attack was certainly not survivable at this point, Sheriff Demings said. Thank you, Dr. Haast, for all your good works and trailblazing in this still to be fully recognized work.and for the fascinating memories. "Any time I saw an unusual snake I brought it back," Haast said, sitting on cushioned patio furniture. I told my mother how I'd really like to get an Indigo and she kind of shrugged it off. She would take some of her snakes to Bill Haast. ''I could become a poster boy for the benefits of venom,'' Haast jokes. He received the key to the city.Those same hands that for decades eased venom from the world's most poisonous snakes held the key to the city of Miami on Thursday. I knocked and went in. Is bitten by dozens of water moccasins and dies. Haast eventually sold his family home to buy the land on South Dixie Highway where the Serpentarium would rise. Dr. Haast met my pediatrician at Baptist Hospital in Miami. Haast saw that a boy had fallen into the crocodile pit. Palm vipers. I'm 5'2 from s city in north Jersey myself, and the snake was about my size! On the 2nd trip, an entire day was planned for me there. He had done research for a polio vaccine, sought a cure for multiple sclerosis. That photo is one of my favorite collectables. I read here about the boy who was killed after falling into the crocidile pit. killed David Mark Wasson of West Palm Beach, Fla. He was bitten for the first time at summer camp a year later, when he tried to capture a small timber rattlesnake. Even though the Serpentarium was there, some people still got bitten, and died from the poisonous snakes. This will be of interest to some out there. He's truly an amazing man who has lived a life of exemplary devotion to his work. Ricky Ganya was last seen collecting snails on a riverbank in Kuching, Malaysia, Needless to say I was quite nervous also, thinking of what might happen if that snake went through the crowd. Thanks for the wonderful memories and great work you have done. In his heyday, he was flown around the world to hospitals where people bitten by rare snakes would have died without his blood. Hanley "Doc" Harding, Aurora Protection Specialists. Several people on social media said the child was on the beach at the time watching a movie. I first heard of Bill Haast around 1955, when reading a "man's magazine" (as they were called back then, probably Argosy. other sizes: small original auto previous | next Unless otherwise noted under the right bottom of the photo, all images are copyrighted by Don Boyd comment | share RESEARCH WAS GOAL For Haast, the bites, the snakes and the Serpentarium were only a means to an end. That might have occurred, since some recent field guides I have examined do not include haasti. I remember in 3rd grade, back in 1960, one of my classmates dropped her purse into the crocodile pit. At first he believed his immunization to cobra venom would protect him from the krait venom, and continued with his regular activities for several hours. I feel sorry for the young generations that they will never get to see the true mastery of Bill Haast with his serpents. boy killed by crocodile at miami serpentarium. We watched the show (I don't remember if the presenter was Mr. Haast), and afterwards, Scot was encouraged to touch several snakes. 12-foot crocodile . He introduced himself as Col. Spencer, I introduced myself as "I'm Mark and could my brother Dick come too?" He placed a live, non-venomous snake into one of the supposedly empty boxes to be cleaned. Also wonder if that huge Cobra statue is still on the property..and still scary as hell!!!!!!!!! it stirred interest faster than the key lime pie and local jelly signs. While there, a gentleman drove in with a huge python he caught on his property and had in a wire basket. The Serpentarium's landmark 35-foot-high, hooded, concrete-and-stucco cobra stuck out its forked tongue at motorists and arriving patrons on South Dixie Highway and Southwest 126th Street. I recall going with my brother to the airport to pick her up upon her arrival. I got my love of snakes (I'm a girl) growing up in Miami going repeatedly to the Serpentarium. But Haast no longer can handle the forked-tongued killers that made him famous. Great memories. Haast's death-defying act didn't disappoint. That applies to the many other wildlife that existed back then. I got excited thinking it was a new toy. With 43 types of antivenin, a diverse enough supply to treat 90 percent of all bites, the unit's antivenin bank supplies the U.S. military and hospitals around the nation -- sometimes the world. It's been five years since an alligator snatched 2-year-old Lane Graves who was playing on the beach at Walt Disney World's Grand Floridian Resort and Spa, dragging the boy into the Seven Seas . The incident left Bill Haast badly shaken. by | Jun 10, 2022 | flying saucer bar locations | metro flexline service manual | Jun 10, 2022 | flying saucer bar locations | metro flexline service manual In 1946 Haast decided he had enough money saved to start his snake farm. When I was a small boy of 8-9 years old in the mid sixties, a distinguished gentleman would walk by our house in the early morning like clockwork. There were two fatal alligator attacks in Florida last year in the first reported deaths since 2007. A doctor at the hospital where the boy, was taken said the child was practically dead on arrival from drowning in association with multiple traumatic injuries., See the article in its original context from. Besides the mayor's key, they gave him a firefighter's helmet bearing the unit's name: Venom 1. Largo Library Aarp Taxes 2022, Angus Council Payments, Is Jack Hendry Related To Stephen Hendry, Bathurst Bullet Train Timetable 2021, Maroondah City Council Ceo, Articles B