haplogroup g origin

Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish priesthood. Another notable feature is its uneven distribution. The North Ossetians in the mid northern Caucasus area of Russia belong overwhelmingly to the G2a1 subclade based on available samples. Several G-PF3359 subclades, based on shared STR markers, probably exist. Capelli C, Brisighelli F, Scarnicci F, Blanco-Verea A, Brion M, Pascali VL : Phylogenetic evidence for multiple independent duplication events at the DYS19 locus. Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2. While it is found in percentages higher than 10% among the Bakhtiari, Talysh people, Gilaki, Mazandarani and Iranian Azeris, it is closer to 5% among the Iranian Arabs and in some large cities. In the ten remaining populations, haplogroup diversity spanned from a low of 0.21 in Adyghes, to highs of 0.88 in Azeris (Iran) and 0.89 in eastern Anatolia and 0.90 in Armenia. Haplogroup G first locations (T. Kandell). Am J Hum Genet 2001; 68: 10191029. The Iceman belongs to haplogroup G2a2b [13] (earlier called G2a4). (2004) suggested the mutation took place only 9,500 years ago. Drawing the history of the Hutterite population on a genetic landscape: inference from Y-chromosome and mtDNA genotypes. Thus, these estimates should be viewed as the upper bounds of dispersal times. Members of this group have been found in Europe and the Middle East.[3]. Although no basal G-M201* chromosomes were detected in our data set, the homeland of this haplogroup has been estimated to be somewhere nearby eastern Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran, the only areas characterized by the co-presence of deep basal branches as well as the occurrence of high sub-haplogroup diversity. In the Greek island of Crete, approximately 7%[18] to 11%[19] of males belong to haplogroup G. Neolithic mitochondrial haplogroup H genomes and the genetic - Nature "[3], Previously the National Geographic Society placed its origins in the Middle East 30,000 years ago and presumes that people carrying the haplogroup took part in the spread of the Neolithic. Haplogroup - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics It is a branch of Haplogroup F (M89), and is theorized to have originated, according to the latest thinking, in the Near East or Southern Asia, likely in the region that is now northern India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. [44] The "U" SNPs were identified in 2006 but not published until 2009.[45]. The presence of M527 in Provence, southern Italy and Ukraine may reflect subsequent Greek maritime Iron Age colonization events16 and perhaps, given its appearance among the Druze and Palestinians, even episodes associated with the enigmatic marauding Sea Peoples.42. The complexity is apparent in both the phylogenetic resolution and geographic patterning within hgs G and J2a. Ancient DNA from European early neolithic farmers reveals their near eastern affinities. Phylogenetic relationships of studied binary markers within haplogroup G in wider context of M89-defined clade. The coming of the Greeks to Provence and Corsica: Y-chromosome models of archaic Greek colonization of the western Mediterranean. See more. The emergence of Y-chromosome haplogroup J1e among Arabic-speaking populations. No clinal patterns were detected suggesting that the distributions are rather indicative of isolation by distance and demographic complexities. Important caveats to consider include the fact that Td is sensitive to authentic rare outlier alleles and that multiple founders during population formation will inflate the age estimate of the event. The results were analyzed using the ABI PRISM program GeneMapper 4.0 (Applied Biosystems). Haplogroup - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Nature 2010; 466: 238242. It was then learned that several subclades belong under L223, including: G-L91 was identified in 2009. Haplogroup G1 is a primary subclade of haplogroup G . Two sources of the Russian patrilineal heritage in their Eurasian context. Google Scholar. The number of STR marker values separating men in this group suggest G-PF3359 is a relatively old group despite the small number of men involved. There were only a few G categories until 2008 when major revisions to categories were made. Haplogroup G (Y-DNA) - Origins - LiquiSearch 8 Oldest Haplogroups and the Regions they Originated From The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people. [citation needed] Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau. Armenian DNA Project - News | FamilyTreeDNA and JavaScript. P287 was identified at the University of Arizona and became widely known in late 2007. A clade of closely related Ashkenazi Jews represent virtually all G2b persons, with just three other G2b haplotypes having been reported so far: one Turk from Kars in northeast Turkey near Armenia, one Pashtun, and one Burusho in Pakistan. So far the men positive for this have had Irish, English, Dutch, Lebanese and/or Turkish (Armenian surname) ancestry. L141 persons who do not belong to any L141 subclade so far have the value of 11 at STR marker DYS490 a finding rare in other G categories. They arewith accompanying Y-chromosome locationsU5 (rs2178500), L149 (8486380) and L31 (also called S149) (rs35617575..12538148). [42] The technical specifications of M201 are given as: refSNPid is rs2032636..Y chromosome location of 13536923.forward primer is tatgcatttgttgagtatatgtc..reverse primer is gttctgaatgaaagttcaaacg..the mutation involves a change from G to T. A number of SNPs have been identified with seemingly the same coverage in the population as M201. While acknowledging that the inference of the age and geographic source of dispersals of Y chromosome haplogroups from the frequency and STR diversity data can be approximate at best, we speculate that this lineage could potentially be associated with the Linearbandkeramik (LBK) culture of Central Europe, as its highest frequency (3.45.1%) and Td estimate (Supplementary Table S4) of 108703029 years ago occur there. Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX et al. Battaglia V, Fornarino S, Al-Zahery N et al. Dulik MC, Zhadanov SI, Osipova LP et al. Should any man with the P15 mutation test negative (ancestral) for any of these or vice versa, that finding would be the basis of a new G2a category. In contrast to G1, the absolute majority of hg G samples belonged to G2-P287-related sub-clades, with the vast majority of them being associated with G2a-P15-related lineages. Hg G is very frequent in NW Caucasus and South Caucasus, covering about 45% of the paternal lineages in both regions2 in this study. The G2 clade consists of one widespread but relatively infrequent collection of P287*, M377, M286 and M287 chromosomes versus a more abundant assemblage consisting of G2a-related P15*, P16 and M485-related lineages. The frequency pattern and the microsatellite network of E-M2(xM191) indicate a West African origin followed by expansion, a result that is in agreement with the findings of Cruciani et al. The National Geographic Society places haplogroup G origins in the Middle East 30,000 years ago and presumes that people carrying the haplogroup took part in the spread of the Neolithic Two scholarly papers have also suggested an origin in the Middle East, while differing on the date. There are additional subclades of DYS388=13 men characterized by the presence of specific SNPs or uncommon STR marker oddities. G1-M285, previously described in the Iranian population . However, interpretations based on coarse haplogroup resolution frequency clines are unsophisticated and do not recognize underlying patterns of genetic diversification. Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route. Its age is between 7,700 and . Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. The general frequency pattern of hg G overall (Figure 2a) shows that the spread of hg G extends over an area from southern Europe to the Near/Middle East and the Caucasus, but then decreases rapidly toward southern and Central Asia. Kharkov VN, Stepanov VA, Borinskaya SA et al. Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 10231034. The Turkish G-M377 is somewhat closer, but not identical. Farther north, 8% of ethnic Hungarian males and 5.1% of ethnic Bohemian (Czech) males have been found to belong to Haplogroup G. In South Asia, some ethnic minorities possess haplogroup G at concentrations of approximately 18%[21] to 20%[22] of Kalash, approximately 16% of Brahui,[22] and approximately 11.5% of sampled Pashtun,[21] but in only about 3% of the general Pakistani population. Haplogroup G-P303 - Wikipedia Peter A Underhill. MH and MHS are thankful to the National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran, and the National Research Institute for Science policy, Tehran, Iran, for providing the samples. Goncalves R, Freitas A, Branco M et al. Mol Biol Evol 2006; 23: 22682270. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles PLoS Biol 2010; 8: e1000536. G2a was found also in 20 out of 22 samples of ancient Y-DNA from Treilles, the type-site of a Late Neolithic group of farmers in the South of France, dated to about 5000 years ago. The origin of haplogroup G is controversial. The Y-chromosomal haplogroup G (hg G) is currently defined as one of the 20 standard haplogroups comprising the global Y-chromosome phylogeny.1 The phylogeographic demarcation zone of hg G is largely restricted to populations of the Caucasus and the Near/Middle East and southern Europe. Haplogroup Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108: 1825518259. Balanovsky O, Dibirova K, Dybo A et al. Haplogroup G is a branch on the maternal tree of human kind. Hammer MF, Behar DM, Karafet TM et al. Specifically, we intersected these criteria by applying the following filters. Pichler I, Fuchsberger C, Platzer C et al. Marie Lacan, Christine Keyser, Franois-Xavier Ricaut, Nicolas Brucato, Francis Duranthon, Jean Guilaine, Eric Crubzy, and Bertrand Ludes, Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route. International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_G-M201&oldid=1139571590, Articles with dead external links from January 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from April 2022, Articles with spreadsheet file bare URLs for citations, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with self-published sources from October 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2021, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, M201, PF2957, L116, L154, L204, L240, L269, L402, L520, L521, L522, L523, L605, L769, L770, L836, L837, M201, P257/U6, Page94/U17, U2, U3, U7, U12, U20, U21, U23, U33, Other males purported to be members of Haplogroup G include: German-American pioneer and soldier, This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 20:17. Kaniewski D, Van Campo E, Van Lerberghe K et al. G-L14 | Haplogroup This video explains the migration route of Y-chromosome haplogroup G and the countries where it can be found today. Origins and history of European Y-DNA and mtDNA haplogroups Cadenas AM, Zhivotovsky LA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ : Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman. However, no clinal patterns were detected in the spatial autocorrelation analysis of the five sub-haplogroup frequencies with distance, suggesting that the distributions are not clinal but rather indicative of isolation by distance and demographic complexities. The effective mutation rate at Y chromosome short tandem repeats, with application to human population-divergence time. Although compared with G1-M285, the phylogenetic level of P303 (Figure 1) is shallower but its geographic spread zone covers the whole hg G distribution area (Figure 2b). Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G et al. The next largest subclade of G-P303 is characterized by the presence of the U1 mutation. In the Americas, the percentage of haplogroup G corresponds to the numbers of persons from Old World countries who emigrated. The most recent study (2010) estimates the common ancestor of all men in haplogroup G lived in Asia about 17,000 years ago, and the ancestor of the G2 subgroup lived about 15,000 years ago. Among Turkish males 11% of the population is G.[6] In Iran, Haplogroup G reaches 13 to 15% of the population in various parts of the country. Thus inferences regarding migratory histories must be viewed cautiously, as diversities may have changed over the time spans discussed. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Distribution. In the Tirol (Tyrol) of western Austria, the percentage of G-M201 can reach 40% or more; perhaps the most famous example is the ancient remains of the so-called "Iceman", tzi. Correspondence to Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18: 348353. RV and DMB thank the European Commission, Directorate-General for Research for FP7 Ecogene grant 205419. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 90: 573. Ann Hum Genet 2005; 69: 443454. The most detailed SNP mutation identified was S126 (L30), which defines G2a3.[11]. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 5061. Kivisild T, Rootsi S, Metspalu M et al. [15] Among the samples in the YHRD database from the southern Caucasus countries, 29% of the samples from Abazinia, 31% from Georgia, 2% from Azerbaijan and 18% from Armenia appear to be G samples. These patterns have been related to different migratory events and demographic processes.2, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16. Y chromosome genetic variation in the Italian peninsula is clinal and supports an admixture model for the Mesolithic-Neolithic encounter. Achilli A, Olivieri A, Pala M et al. Chromosome Y microsatellites: population genetic and evolutionary aspects. The presence of hg G was first reported in Europe and Georgia5 and later described in additional populations of the Caucasus.6 Subsequently, several data sets containing hg G-related lineages have been presented in studies of different European populations7, 8, 9, 10 and so on, as well as studies involving several Middle Eastern and South Asian populations.4, 11, 12, 13, Hg G, together with J2 clades, has been associated with the spread of agriculture,5 especially in the European context. These are found at: rs9786910, rs9786537, rs2713254, rs35567891 and rs34621155 on the Y chromosome. G2a3a-M406 has a modest presence in Thessaly and the Peloponnese (4%),10 areas of the initial Greek Neolithic settlements. The highest frequencies of haplogroup G appear in the Caucasus region; however it also shows significant frequencies in the Mediterranean areas and the Middle East [69,70]. Haplogroup G (Y-DNA) In human genetics, Haplogroup G (M201) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. Haplogroup | Your past through your genes The second common hg G lineage in the Caucasus is U1, which has its highest frequencies in the South (22.8% in Abkhazians) and NW Caucasus (about 39.7% in Adyghe and 36.5% in Cherkessians), but also reaches the Near/Middle East with the highest frequency in Palestinians (16.7%) and, shows extremely low frequency in Eastern Europe. The highest percentage of G-P303 persons in a discrete population so far described is on the island of Ibiza off the eastern Spanish coast. Although both broadly distributed, G2a-P15* and its downstream L91 sub-lineage have low frequencies, with the exception of Sardinia and Corsica. [16] The concentration of G falls below this average in Scandinavia, the westernmost former Soviet republics and Poland, as well as in Iceland and the British Isles. Evaluation of Y-chromosomal STRs: a multicenter study. This skeleton could not be dated by radiocarbon dating, but other skeletons there were dated to between 5,100 and 6,100 years old. Gurdeep Matharu Lall, Maarten H. D. Larmuseau, Mark A. Jobling, Hovhannes Sahakyan, Ashot Margaryan, Richard Villems, Javier Rodriguez Luis, Leire Palencia-Madrid, Rene J. Herrera, Sandra Oliveira, Alexander Hbner, Jorge Rocha, Alessandra Modi, Desislava Nesheva, David Caramelli, Maxat Zhabagin, Zhaxylyk Sabitov, Elena Balanovska, Veronika Csky, Dniel Gerber, Anna Szcsnyi-Nagy, European Journal of Human Genetics King RJ, DiCristofaro J, Kouvatsi A et al. Almost all L141 men belong to L141 subclades. (This followed the publication of: Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS. In addition, we introduce five new markers: M426, M461, M485, M527 and M547 (Supplementary Table S2). We estimate that the geographic origin of hg G plausibly locates somewhere nearby eastern Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran. Amongst the Madjars, G1 was found at a rate of 87%. This group was created for the folks who's paternal Y-DNA reflects they belong to haplogroup G2a (G-P15). Vernesi C, Caramelli D, Dupanloup I et al. [38][self-published source?] In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. Haplogroup G-M201 | Familypedia | Fandom Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E The hg G-U1 subclade is characterized by several sub-clusters of haplotypes, including a more diverse cluster mostly represented by Caucasus populations. Age [21] In a study of 936 Indians, haplogroup G made up less than 1% of the sample and was completely absent in the tested Northwestern Indian population. In Wales, a distinctive G2a3b1 type (DYS388=13 and DYS594=11) dominates there and pushes the G percentage of the population higher than in England. G-P16 has a high frequency in South and NW Caucasus, with the highest frequency among North Ossetians63.6%. Haplogroup G2a (G-P15) has been identified in Neolithic human remains in Europe dating between 5000 and 3000 BC. The formula for the coalescence calculations is as follows: Age=25/1000 ASD0/0.00069. A relatively high percentage of G2a2b1 persons have a value of 21 at STR marker DYS390. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. In the northern and highland areas of the island of Sardinia off western Italy, G percentages reach 11% of the population in one study[17] and reached 21% in the town of Tempio in another study. The Madjar and Argyn tribes (or clans) of Kazakhstan were found to possess the highest levels of G-M201 among any modern ethnic group. His male-line descendants appear to remained rooted in the region for tens of thousands of years while the Ice Age was in full swing. Spatial autocorrelation analysis was carried out to assess the presence/absence of clines regarding informative G sub-haplogroups. Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX et al. A high percentage of G-Z1903 men belong to its subclade, G-Z724. Then we applied a 10% overall hg G frequency threshold and the additional specification that both haplogroup G1 and G2 lineages also be present. Concerning the presence of hg G in the Caucasus, one of its distinguishing features is lower haplogroup diversity in numerous populations (Supplementary Table S1) compared with Anatolia and Armenia, implying that hg G is intrusive in the Caucasus rather than autochthonous. [2], In 2012, a paper by Siiri Rootsi et al. Semino et al. K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. These latter labs also made use of raw data results reported by individuals tested for about 2,000 SNPs at 23andMe to provide new L or S-designated SNP tests. Haplogroup H dominates present-day Western European mitochondrial DNA variability (>40%), yet was less common (~19%) among Early Neolithic farmers (~5450 BC) and virtually absent in Mesolithic . Spatial frequency maps for sub-clades (panels bf) were obtained by applying the frequencies from Supplementary Table S1 using the Surfer software (version 8, Golden Software, Inc.), following the kriging algorithm with option to use bodies of water as breaklines. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4. . Haplogroup H The overall coalescent age estimate (Supplementary Table S4) for P303 is 12600 years ago. Furthermore, markers Page94, U5, U8 and L30 were typed in contextually appropriate samples to establish the position of the five new markers within the phylogeny. [Origin of European 3/6] First Farmer of Europe and Y-DNA Haplogroup G This is not surprising, as clines are not expected in cases of sharp changes in haplogroup frequency over a relatively small distance such as those observed for hg G, for instance between the Caucasus and Eastern Europe. The corresponding coalescent estimate for M377 is 5600 years ago (Supplementary Table S4). Ancient Symbols For Silence, Ntira Account Request, Articles H